![]() ![]() ![]() Nanofibrous scaffolds can be associated with another advanced technique in recent tissue engineering-controlled delivery of various types of stem cells, such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, neural tissue-derived stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, and their appropriate differentiation into desired cell types.įor hard tissue engineering, that is for reconstruction of bone, teeth, cartilage, and osteochondral interface, it is necessary to improve mechanical properties of the nanofibers. However, pure polymeric nanofibers are suitable mainly for soft tissue engineering, such as reconstruction and regeneration of blood vessels, myocardium, heart valves, skeletal muscle, skin, tendon and ligament, intestine, tissues of the respiratory system, such as trachea and bronchi, components of urinary tract, such as bladder and urethra, visceral organs, such as liver or pancreas (pancreatic islets ), central nervous system, such as brain, spinal cord, optic system, such as optical nerve and retina, and peripheral nervous system. Synthetic polymers include a broad spectrum of biostable polymers, for example polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyurethane, suitable for fabrication of vascular grafts, and biodegradable polymers, for example polylactides (PLA) and their copolymers with polyglycolides (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), polydioxanone, polyvinylalcohol (PVA), and synthetic peptides. The DBM nanofiber mats exhibited good cytocompatibility with human dermal fibroblasts. DBM contains the protein components of bone, which includes adhesion ligands and osteoinductive signals, such as important growth factors. In fact, DBM, a natural polymer, is allograft bone with inorganic material removed. Even demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was used for preparation of nanofibers by elecrospinning. Nature-derived polymers comprise a wide range of proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides, for example collagen, elastin and elastin-like peptides, silk fibroin, amyloid, chitosan, cellulose, glycosaminoglycans, or hyaluronan. Nanofibers are typically prepared from polymeric materials, such as natural and synthetic polymers and their various combinations. Nanofibers are also widely used in other biotechnologies, such as drug and gene delivery, gene silencing, construction of biosensors, or preparation of wound dressings absorbing the exudate and protective against microbial infection. In recent years, nanofibrous materials are becoming more and more popular for tissue engineering applications, because they mimic nanofibrous components of the native extracellular matrix (ECM), for example, collagen fibers. *Address all correspondence to: Introduction Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnicka, Prague, Czech Republic.Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic.We also created novel nanofibers based on diamond deposition on a SiO2 template, and tested their effects on the adhesion, viability and growth of human vascular endothelial cells. In addition, we studied the interaction of human bone-derived cells with nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with hydroxyapatite or diamond nanoparticles. This review also includes our experience in skin tissue engineering using nanofibers fabricated from polycaprolactone and its copolymer with polylactide, cellulose acetate, and particularly from polylactide nanofibers modified by plasma activation and fibrin coating. The nanofibrous scaffolds can be loaded with various bioactive molecules, such as growth, differentiation and angiogenic factors, or funcionalized with ligands for the cell adhesion receptors. For hard tissue engineering, polymeric nanofibers can be reinforced with various ceramic, metal-based or carbon-based nanoparticles, or created directly from hard materials. Nanofibers can be created from a wide range of natural polymers or synthetic biostable and biodegradable polymers. ![]() Nanofibers are also promising for drug and gene delivery, construction of biosensors and biostimulators, and wound dressings. They have been experimentally used for reconstruction of tissues of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Nanofibers are promising cell carriers for tissue engineering of a variety of tissues and organs in the human organism. ![]()
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